Common Types:
- Flat washers: Spread load over a wider area
- Spring (lock) washers: Resist loosening
- Fender washers: Larger outer diameter
- Sealing washers: Include rubber insert for watertight sealing
Materials:
- Mild steel, hardened steel, stainless steel, copper
- Plated for corrosion resistance
Applications:
- Used with bolts/screws to:
- Prevent surface damage
- Reduce vibration
- Increase reliability
Advantages:
- Enhance fastener performance
- Extend service life of joints
- Prevent loosening or galling
Fastener Grades and Strengths
| Grade | Description | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Use Case |
| 4.6 | Low-strength carbon steel | ~400 | Light-duty assemblies |
| 8.8 | Medium carbon steel, quenched | ~800 | Structural steel and equipment |
| 10.9 | Alloy steel, quenched and tempered | ~1000 | Automotive and heavy equipment |
| 12.9 | High-strength alloy steel | ~1200 | High-performance mechanical parts |
Typical Uses in Steel Component Assembly
- Bridges: Structural bolts (A325) + washers
- Steel Frames: Hex bolts + lock nuts
- Machinery: Socket screws + flat washers
- Sheet Metal: Self-tapping screws
Summary Table
| Component | Role | Main Use | Common Material |
| Bolts | Main fastener for clamping | Structural joints, machinery | Carbon/alloy/stainless steel |
| Nuts | Threaded partner to bolts | All bolted connections | Same as bolt |
| Screws | Fastener with own thread | Sheet metal, light steel work | Steel or stainless |
| Washers | Load spread, anti-loosening | Under bolt/nut heads | Mild or stainless steel |
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